James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues - 1452 Words

James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues is a short story that, for some people, could be considered a challenging read. Not because of the level of difficulty, but for the fact that it shares a lot of human angst. However, Baldwin’s story still manages to be entertaining, as well as holding many life lessons in it. Baldwin’s story teaches lessons such as; dealing with suffering, being supportive, and accepting differences. James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues does a noble job of relating to the readers on various levels, while also teaching important lessons everyone should adhere by. The short story, Sonny’s Blues, tells the story of Sonny, a jazz musician, that lives in Harlem, New York. Sonny turns to the drug heroin while in high school to escape the†¦show more content†¦But what makes everyone different is how we cope with it. It is obvious that the approach Sonny decides to deal with his suffering is drugs and his music. Sonny began his drug addiction in high school while trying to escape from his life and they ways of Harlem. Music, which becomes his main outlet for dealing with suffering once getting out of prison, is the only thing that brings satisfaction to his life. As for Sonny’s brother, he deals with suffering in a completely contrary way. The narrator chooses to ignore his sufferings. Instead, he pretends his life is perfect and disapproves of the way Sonny chooses to cope with his sorrows. Which is the foundation of the conflict between the brothers. The narrator proves his effort of trying to convince himself that his life is free of suffering by saying, â€Å"It might be said, perhaps, that I had escaped, after all, I was a school teacher; or that Sonny had, he hadn’t lived in Harlem for years† (7). Eventually, after the passing of the Narrators daughter, he realizes that his attempts are unsuccessful. Sonny on the other hand, stopped his use of drugs and turned to the world of ja zz. Through his music he is able to deal with hardships. When the narrator finally learned to deal with his pain, he finally reaches a point when him and Sonny can value one another more. This story teaches that by accepting the difficult things life can throw at you and learning to cope with it, the more you can have compassionShow MoreRelatedSonny s Blues By James Baldwin827 Words   |  4 PagesSonny’s Blues In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† it is only when a brother loses his child that he realizes how easy it can be to lose his brother. The narrator’s little brother, Sonny, was left in his charge when their parents passed away. He neglects Sonny and leaves him to work through hard decisions on his own which leads to Sonny being picked up by the police for using and selling drugs. When the narrator’s daughter, Grace, passes he sees how suffering can affect people and reaches outRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin centers on the conflicting relationship between two brothers that is explored throughout various stages of their lives. Through the structured, melodic style used by Baldwin there are reoccurring themes of suffering, family, and home that are used to further convey the idea of two brothers who love each other, but don’t understand eac h other. Ultimately, the relationship between the two brothers is greatly strained due them being polar opposites, their lackRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues956 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin brings you on an emotional ride through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, we are in media res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story we witness the ocean of emotions between these two brothers battling hardships from their past, through flashbacks, and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically aRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues2994 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Sonny, from James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† is portrayed as a sufferer. He struggles with his stagnation in Harlem, his unfulfilled dreams and the disconnect between himself and his only family, his brother. However, not all hope is lost. He serves as a teacher for others, full of knowledge of how one can truly suffer and still triumph (Norton 47). Only when he is finally able to connect with his brother through music, are his â€Å"blues† finally heard and he affirms his individualityRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin2300 Words   |  10 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, by James Baldwin there is the notion or a reoccurring theme of a conflict between light and dark between the characters. The notion is carried throughout the story of two brothers finding their own lights and trying to work towards a greater life. In the late 50’s, after the Harlem Renaissance, adolescents are faced with drug sales everywhere and crime sprees around every corner, this is one example of the darkness in the story. Kids began to form bad habits thatRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesntroduction: James Baldwin, author of Sonny s Blues, once said, I grew up with music...much more than with any other language. In a way, the music I grew up with saved my life (Session 3 Inquiry: Rudolfo Anaya and James Baldwin, 2015).   Blues becomes Sonny s drug and his addiction to it his salvation.       Even though the adults refrain from lamenting their sufferings directly to the children and telling them about the darkness, the child-narrator still intimates its marks in their facesRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesSeveral dialectics are at play in James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† including a dialectic between the narrator and his beloved brother Sonny involving their opposing responses to the sense of oppression and limitation that arises from living in Harlem. This dialectic and its resolution closely parallel Baldwin’s masterful use of Blues, Jazz, and Gospel music. We follow the narrator and his brother Sonny as they traverse the complexities of their individual and interconnected Harlem livesRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 995 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin presents an emotional journey through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, the story is in medias res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story there is an ocean of emotions witnessed between these two brothers as they battle hardships from their past and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a characterRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin1028 Words   |  5 Pagesand influence the subject’s ideas. Consciously and unconsciously, the individual reflects the confluence of his or her history and culture. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, a short story by James Baldwin, the dominant culture constricts the black individual. Subject to the explicit and latent biases of a racist society, the black population of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† attempt to endure oppression and suffering and survive in an unforgiving land. However, they can thrive here with the hope and salvation provided by theRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is a narration about two siblings – brothers - who choose very different routes in life in order to accomplish the zenith of individualism, expressionism and recognition. In doing so, they take a glimpse into one another’s spheres and learn to assent and appreciate each other for who they are. In 1951, Baldwin wrote Sonny’s Blues, a story of the ills that Harlem provided its youth. In Baldwin’s telling of the narration, it forms a nous of liberation, an atmosphere of therapeutic acc eptance

Relationship Between Slavery And Capitalism Essay

This paper will question the relationship between Slavery and Capitalism, and the extent to how dependent Capitalism was on slavery. Chattel slavery first arrived to America in 1619 and from there the business just kept on growing. It leads to the invention of the cotton gin and helped push forward the young country into the developed powerful nation it is now. This can be gained from the readings from Bailyn, Beverly, the Declaration of Independence, and other works that show not only how profitable slavery was, but also how important it was to the development of America as a country. The first facet of this question will look at how chattel slavery developed trade for America. Chattel slavery was practiced in the 17th to 19th centuries, and through the forced labor that African American slaves faced helped develop the new nation in not just an industrial, but also economic manner as well. The first instance of this trade is seen when the first slave arrived in the â€Å"North Amer ican colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619† (Slavery in America - Black History - HISTORY.com, 2016) to help with the production of tobacco. This was seen as a great benefit to the slave masters and wealthy businessmen of the time. This can be seen from the way it allowed for an even bigger workforce than before. Beverly (1705) mentions that â€Å"Male-Servants, and Slaves of both Sexes, are imployed together in Tilling and Manuring the Ground, in Sowing and Planting Tobacco† (p. 37) and the only way toShow MoreRelatedSlavery, Colonialism and Capitalism783 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery, Colonialism and Capitalism, it can be said that there is a relationship between these three systems. There are many different views on this topic, the main views being the Liberal-pluralists and the Radical revisionists who understand this relationship from different perspectives. To prove the connection between these three systems that impacted many countries this essay shall make clos e reference to a number of sources. Cedric Robinson (1984: 57) discusses the fact that slavery lead toRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1641 Words   |  7 Pagescasualties suffered. It helped conserve and maintain the Union, drastically changed the relationship between the federal and states government, and led to slavery’s abolition. This war has also stirred up many conflicts until this day about the conflicts and causes. Among the countless and even undiscovered questions comes the most common as being why the Southern states were withdrawn and to what extent was it slavery that influenced it and also why the North did not let the Confederacy peacefully quitRead MoreEssay on Slavery In American History1430 Words   |  6 Pagestextbook---A Short History of the American Nation,  ¡Ã‚ °No reform movement of this era was more significant, more ambiguous in character, or more provocative of later historical investigation than the drive to abolish slavery. ¡Ã‚ ± Abolition Movement was not only meaningful to itself, that is, slavery was abolished and black slaves were freed, but also meaningful to the whole nation, because it exerted much influences on American society and economy. In this paper, I will firstly present a brief introductionRead MoreModern Historical Debate Surrounding The Anglo-American1682 Words   |  7 Pagesstems directly from the publication of Eric Williams’ transformative Capitalism and Slavery in 1944. Dismantling with fierce efficacy the long-dominant interpretation of abolition as a function of humanitarian enlightenment, Williams’ thesis instead contends that after providing the material foundation and trade infrastructure for Europe’s industrial revolution, slavery had fulfilled its purpose and was thus replaced by capitalism as an economic modality. Though radical for its time and consideredRead MoreSlavery And Freedom : An Interpretation Of The Old South867 Words   |  4 Pages book, Sla very and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South, is a reflection of slavery and freedom that was closely associated with the ordinary life in the South. The book also hits on points of liberal capitalism that the slave-owner s had. This book goes into immense detail on liberal capitalism as well as the lack of freedom that the slaves had in the Deep South. ...And this could only mean that southern slavery was defined as the denial of the assumptions of liberal capitalism (xiii)Read MoreKarl Marx and Capitalism Essay880 Words   |  4 Pages developed his critique of capitalism by analyzing its characteristics and its development throughout history. The critique contains Marx’s most developed economic analysis and philosophical insight. Although it was written in 1850s, its values still serve an important purpose in the globalized world and maintains extremely relevant in the twenty-first century. Karl Marx’s critique of political economy provides a scientific understanding of the history of capitalism. Through Marx’s critique, theRead MoreRelationship Between Race and Capitalism Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship between Race and Capitalism In the words of Malcolm X, â€Å"I believe that there will ultimately be a clash between the oppressed and those that do the oppressing. I believe that there will be a clash between those who want freedom, justice, and equality for everyone and those who want to continue the systems of exploitation... It is incorrect to classify the revolt of the Negro as simply a racial conflict of black against white, or as a purely American problem. Rather, we are todayRead MoreBlack Marxism By Cedric Robinson : Marxist Perspective On The World s Progression Into The Phenomenon Of Capitalism1362 Words   |  6 PagesMarxism, Cedric Robinson examined the Marxist viewpoint regarding capitalism, socialism and the proletariat. This analysis that outlined the beginnings of racism dating back to the Roman Empire. This and more make Black Marxism a unique analysis on the world’s progression into the phenomenon of capitalism. Rejecting Wallerstein’s view that racism and sexism is traditi onal, Robinson often closely associated the birth of capitalism and socialism with a racially Eurocentric perspective of history andRead MoreThe Myrtles Plantation : A Site Of Dehumanization992 Words   |  4 Pagesby the histories of violence and oppression that occurred within the space, which manifests through ghosts and sprits that are eternally subjected to unrest due to their violent and abusive histories. The Myrtles Plantation is haunted by the relationship that connects genocide and colonialism. Genocide operates within the logic that Indigenous peoples must disappear and must always be disappearing in order to allow non-Indigenous people the rightful claim over land (Smith, 2). Thus, genocide, servesRead MoreFree Labor And Slave Labor Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pages Capitalism was the sole purpose for being the cause of an exponential use of slaves in all aspects of production. Notably, it involved an economic system whose basis originates from private ownership of all the means of production as well as the production of goods and services majorly meant for profit. With characteristics such as accumulation of capital, labor, private property ownership, and competitive market. Therefore, there was a great need for means of production hence slavery. However,

Earthquake Performance of Reinfoced Concrete Buildings free essay sample

I would also like to thank Nejat Bayulken for helping with my questionnaire and Luke Murgatrody and Sammuel Gracey for helping to correct my grammatical errors. I wish to acknowledge my classmates; Robert Leeming, Simon Yallop. Sagar Rasioni and Gianni Spagnolli , who were always ready to help in any time during dissertation research. At last, many thank all those at Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineer Department in Ankara / Turkey who helped me bring together the information that needed to complete this dissertation. 1 Abstract: This dissertation investigates earthquake performance of reinforced building during an earthquake specifically within Turkey. The Marmara earthquake highlighted serious problems with Turkish buildings and how they perform during seismic activity. Marmara is situated on one of the worlds most active tectonic regions. This study focused on the standpoints of Turkish Government and Engineers attempt in construction problems that they were facing it for many years. My research identifes the probem that earthquake has caused in Turkey . The problem that Turkish Government and Engineers have faced in regard to fall down of the buildings in Marmara region. The research highglited that there were three important question that need to be answered; †¢ †¢ †¢ To consider the effectiveness of building codes in an earthquake zone. To investigate why 1974 Earthquake Code was not successful. What are new updates in present Earthquake Code? and Did Turkish government take lesson from it ? The research will focus on four different case studies that were in the earthquake region. The case studies will explain the techniques applied to structures in order to understand any problems that arise from the engineers or contractors and materials. This will be done by collecting data from Turkish Republic Disaster and Emergency Management sources and Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. The recommendations from this report are that while common issues are highlighted about what government willingness to improve levels of assurance in regards to earthquake disaster that Turkey may have in future. Word Count : 8593 Keywords: Construction Industry, Earthquakes, Workmanship, Damage, Training, Material Quality, in Turkey. Background This dissertation reports an analysis of the state of the regulatory compliance of buildings constructed in the Marmara region of Turkey. Through an analysis of past and present practices, this study systematically addresses the vulnerability of buildings to destruction from earthquakes. This study focuses on the buildings in the Marmara re gion that were built after the introduction of the 1974 building codes (MPWH 1998), which recognised the need to implement improved design, architecture, and construction techniques in order to prevent catastrophic building collapse during earthquakes. This code and the buildings build after its introduction were tested on August 17, 1999 during the Izmit earthquake (also known as the Kocaeli or Golcuk earthquake) of 7. 6 magnitude. Many of building collapsed, although a significant number survived. In addition, there were casualties caused by falling objects in buildings that did not suffer catastrophic collapse. Research Question What is the best approach to systematically study the compliance of buildings built after the 1974 building code in their ability to survive destruction from an earthquake? 1 Purpose of the research The main purpose of this research is to provide a structured approach to the study of the complex problems associated with building in an EQ zone. 1. To understand the complex technical and regulatory situation around the application of an effective building code to prevent death due to EQs in Turkey. 2. To support engineers and contractors in understanding of this complex and challenging situation and to point the way towards better codes, design application and good quality construction materials. 3. To consider other aspects of the code such as the internal detailing and fixing movable objects to prevent damage during and EQ. Research Question †¢ Is there a systematic way to consider the effectiveness of building codes in an earthquake zone? †¢ †¢ Why 1974 Earthquake Code was not successful? What are new updates in present Earthquake Code? and Did Turkish government take lesson from it ? 2 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS The section presents the methodology that is designed to address the research question and focuses on the development of a systematic study plan to understand the suitability of the building codes and whether builders have been compliant in construction. The study also takes into account other developments in Turkey, such as the rapid population increase and the need to build high density residential structures. The research method is based upon the organization of a wide variety of information and knowledge that encompass political, regulatory, social, cultural, engineering and geophysics. Survived Followed code Did not follow code (a) (c) Did not Survive (b) (d) Table 1 contains the main research structure followed in this paper on buildings after the introduction of the 1974 Building Code that survived or did not survive. The table contains four separate cases, labeled (a), (b), (c) and (d). These will be discussed and analysed in this paper. The method followed in this dissertation will be how to analyise the four cases shown in Table 1. In this table, the four cases are: (a) those buildings who’s builders claimed to have followed Code and survived, (b) those buildings who’s builders claimed to have followed code, but collapsed, (c) those who did not follow the code, but survived (such as historic buildings) and (d) those who did not follow code and were destroyed. This issertation is designed to provide a structured approach to the analytical and qualitative study (Glazier Jack D Powell 1992) of earthquake resilience. Furthermore, qualitative method is the way to fully assess earthquake vulnerability and involves many experiments and study of a large scale that is already being conducted. However, for the purposes of this study, visual inspection of buildings preserved in photographs are analysed to understand their condition and learn 3 something of their survival status. Observations of this sort it direct and useful, however subject to errors (Murakami et al. , 1999). Table 2 contains a comparison of quantitative and qualitative approaches and how the study reported here is an attempt to survey these approaches and come up with an overview that will help to better understand the particular situation affecting the resilience of buildings in the Marmara region to earthquakes. Quantitative Aim Relationship Between Researcher Subject Scope of Findings Relationship Between Theory and Research Nature of Data Hard Reliable Rich and Deep Numeric Comparing Idiographic Development Fact Distant Finding based on evidence Qualitative Attitude based on ideas and measurements Close Table 2 Differences Between Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research. Table 2 shows the differences between research methods, I have followed the quantitative method, as this is a more appropriate route for the data I am collecting, as it is a fact-based study. By using quantitative exploratory research, I will be more into issues and problems. This enabled me to understand; 1. To investigate what is happening. 2. To ask question and interviews with professionals. 3. To create ideas and theory for future study. 4 Interviews Face to face interviews The interviews were conducted in order to get a better understanding of the reasons why some buildings survived the EQ and others didn’t. Face to face interviews have a distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to gain insight into situation where there is a lack of published information or the authorities may be hiding something. These interviews produce highest response in the research and it will also allow the researcher to understand impressive answers and when appropriate. Despite their expense, they provide invaluable insight into a complex political and technical area. The main objective of the interviews was to gain insight into the four (4) cases of buildings as first described in Table 1. Was the Code followed? Did the building perform? Was the Code effective? This is very variable and can be used to collect considerable amounts of information. During personal interview, any type of questionnaire can be used. Personal interviews took two forms: planned and unplanned. Unplanned interviews sometime yield surprising results as they often catch the person off guard and they reveal something interesting or previously hidden. During my research period, I have done both as it helped me to understand the topic better, and also to reach knowledgeable people and gain insight. During my research period, interview with Nejat Basulke took place on 14th January 2012; he is president of chamber of Civil Engineers. Telephone Interviews Telephone interviews are less time consuming and less expensive and it also gives the opportunity to access to anyone who has telephone. 1. 1. It can be more flexible as interviewer can explain questions not understood by the respondent. Depending on respondent’s answer they can skip some questions and probe more on others. 5 2. 3. Allows better sample control. Response rate be likely to be higher than mail. 6 Interview Structure The questions were mainly based upon George Blumberg’s suggestions on building performance and materials. The questions were designed and formatted in such a way that the respondent could present their complete view about the topic. Detailed questions and original answers can be found at the end of this dissertation in the appendix section. 1. What is your definition of Earthquake Engineering? This question is very important, as it will show that respondent actually believes is Earthquake Engineering and this will then determine how the following questions will be answered and how much emphasis can be put onto their results. 2. What are main failures that buildings are collapsing? This is question that will identify the main problems of the buildings and what cause them to collapse. 3. Why there were so many project errors? How approves them? Did not they consider the Earthquake Code. Following swiftly on from the previous question is a question designed to make the responder give his own opinion. . Most of the buildings are built on reinforced system, was it true ? i Especially f the country on laying on the seismic regions . By asking this question, it will mean to be quite a probing question to get the responder to think about the failings encountered and try and reason why these failings happened. 5. How is the poor workmanship affects the buildings? This is very impor tant question due to the lack of information in my research. 6. What the recommendations, in order to build earthquake resistance building, as well as following the earthquake code? This is a good start from which to suggest improvements review and it should provide a good start from which suggests improvements and this could identify new improvements that have not been researched or improved. Therefore this 7 question could end up being the most necessary part of the research the solutions could help to make it better. Case studies Our choice of case studies was made in order to explore the elements of the buildings that experience the 1999 EQ as shown in Table 1 where buildings that both survived and did not survive are studied. The same information was derived from each case study. These criteria are: did they follow the code, what was the reason for failure (or survival), compliance to the code 1974. Case studies are mainly used when the researcher be determined to keep up my argument by an in depth analysis of the project â€Å" Reinforced Concrete Building in Golcuk† which constructed under Code 1974. The nature of the case study focuses on one aspect, in my case study, this would be, why reinforced concrete buildings are easy target in earthquake. According to S. G. Naoum (2007) there are three types of case studies (Table 4). The Descriptive Case Study Quite similar to the concept of descriptive survey â€Å" counting† The analytical Case Study Similar to theory of investigative survey â€Å"Counting, and Association â€Å" The Explanatory Case Using the theoretical approach to the problems and comparing them. Table 3 The Case Study Approach to addressing the research question. The case study is most useful for generating theory and the main advantage of a case study is that it gives me a opportunity to study one phase of the problem in detail from many different viewpoints. CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS ANALYSIS The analysis in this section is based on the information gathered during the experimental stages using the method described in the previous section. Since the objectives of the research reported in this dissertation are designed to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of building codes in a Turkish earthquake zone, the th en analysis is presented in order to uncover how to better conduct a study into the details of code compliance. A summary of this can be seen in Figure 1, where the resilience of a building in an EQ zone depends on the effectiveness of the code and on how well it has been applied to the construction. An Effective Code Compliance with the Code and the resialiance to Figure 1 shows the relation between an effective building code damage due to EQs This advantage of studying the situation in Turkey is that the frequency and intensity of earthquakes, coupled with high population density, leads to a situation where buildings are tested to the extreme. An effective Code In the absence of effective advance warning of earthquakes the only measure that can be taken to protect occupants of buildings is to construct them using materials and with a design that is resistant to damage due to earthquake movement. Building EQ resistant buildings is a well develop practice and in certain places where these buildings are required, there are very few casualties from collapsed buildings. For instance in the Los Angeles EQ of 1994 resulted in only 20 deaths despite the size of the quake (BBC News 1994). This is due to an effective building code that is adhered to by everybody who builds. Furthermore, there are measures in the Code to prevent falling objects from coming loose and striking people during an EQ. The major reason for the damage in reinforced concrete structures is because, they are not fully designed for seismic movement, and therefore reinforced concrete buildings cannot sow spongy behaviour in earthquake. Well-designed 9 structures should be capable of resisting motions equally from three directions of earthquake effects. The damages in reinforced buildings have occurred due to design and construction methods, such as use of poor resistant’s concrete, the weak reinforcement of soft stories and beam joints. The damages in unreinforced building should not be a surprising, as it is not obeyed the construction rules and new updated Earthquake Code. In this dissertation, the oberservations and my findings on the damages reinforced concrete and other type of building have been assessed, in order to understand the matters, Turkish Earthquake Codes (2007) directed towards design have been discussed especially for building. Comparison with the California code Revisions to the practice of earthquake codes in construction engineering in Turkey have usually followed major, detrimental earthquakes. This trend is not exceptional to Turkey because changes in design practice in Japan, Mexico, and the United States have followed major earthquakes in those countries (Nisee 2010). Provisions for particular detailing of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames for yielding reaction were introduced in Turkey in early 1975s. These requirements were considerably similar to those introduced in the United States in the early 1970s (Nisee 2010). On the other hand, the construction of buildings with ductile details was not authorized as it was in California in the 1970s. To a certain extent, buildings could be constructed without special details for ductile response or ductile details. According to Nisee (2010) report â€Å" For modern reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames of high ductility (U. S California Code. , the ordinates of the 1997 Turkish lateral-force-coefficient spectra exceed those of the 1997 California Code for both rock and firm soil sites. Recognizing that the prescriptive details of the 1997 California Code and the 1997 Turkish code for frames of high 10 ductility are similar, the performance of buildings designed to either code should be similar if the standards of construction are comparable†. Lateral Force – Resisting System Reinforced concrete shear wall Reinforced fr ame Steel braced frame Steel resisting frame 6 6 7 6. 5 concrete moment-resisting 1974 to 1999 Turkey 6 7 1974 to 1999 USA 7 7. Table 4 Comparing of two different seismic codes, (Nisee 2010) According to Table 4, the reviews of two different codes bring the idea of the similarities in most other regards. Although the codes are very similar with each other, the buildings are should have designed and constructed in accordance with these codes, it must have performed equally, if the construction quality is the similar. Therefore, most of the collapsed multi-storey buildings were believed to be highly earthquake resistant. They were not for some or all of the following reasons: 1. Most of the buildings did not meet the design requirements of the code and included details that are not earthquake resistant, due to inadequate vertical and horizontal reinforcing steel and the widespread use of smooth reinforcing steel. 2. The design structural engineer, the contractor, does not inspect the ongoing construction to verify that the contractor has built the building according to the intent of the Earthquake Code requirements. 3. 4. 5. Many of the buildings were built with very poor and inappropriate construction materials and utilized poor workmanship. Most of the structures were knowingly allowed to be built on active faults. Many buildings were not engineered, but built according to past experience with 1974 code. 11 According to my research, I have found the main reason between California Code and Turkish Code. This because, it was cheaper to construct stronger buildings without special details for ductile response than weaker buildings with ductile detailing, non ductile moment-resisting frame construction was most common in Turkey up to the time of the Izmit earthquake (Nisee 2010). Since 1974, California has made a significant process towards earthquake safety for the structures. California Code became more useful and made California state safer from potentially deactivating earthquakes. These new policies that has the following basic principles; 1. 2. Continual improvement in education and new skills about earthquakes and better techniques for mitigating their effects. Evolutionary improvement in public policy affecting the design and construction that can fit California’s built environment. The update to the Turkish Code Earthquake code of Turkey is prepared around three times, 1959, 1975, 2007. This earthquake code includes regulations for general principles of earthquakes. Such as specifications is to avoid structural and non-structural elements of building from any damage in low-intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and non-structural elements to repairable levels in medium-intensity earthquakes, and to prevent the overall or partial collapse of buildings in high- intensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life (MPWS 1998)). Marmara Earthquake in 1999, most of the contractors are failed to follow earthquake codes, so this esulted errors in (Europan Journal of Educational Studies 2(1), 2010); †¢ Low quality concrete is used in 90% †¢ Corrosion problem in 64. 20% †¢ Sea sand (with salt) is used in 61. 23% †¢ Service life ends in 16% 12 †¢ Bad concrete curing in 11. 27% †¢ Various architectural mistakes in 12% †¢ Soil problems in 23. 40% In 1997, the government tried to update the Earthquake for the new and exist ing structures, to offer a little protection from the collapse. Between 1997 to 1999, less than 25 % of all buildings in Turkey conform to the update in Earthquake Code in 1997 (Coburn 1995:84). Last earthquake code covers the regulations about repairing and reinforcement of existing buildings. The general purpose of earthquake resistant design with this new specification is to avoid structural and non-structural elements of buildings from any damage in low-intensity earthquakes; to limit the damage in structural and non-structural elements to avoid the overall or partial collapse of buildings in high- intensity earthquakes in order to avoid the loss of life. 2007 TEC consists of following titles (Turkish Earthquake Code, 2007, MPWH 1998). These new updates are based on Table 5; Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Reinforced Concrete Structures Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Masonry Structures. Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Steel Structures Eartquake Resistant Design on Reinforcement of Existing Earthquake Resistant Design rules for Foundations. Reinforcement of Structures. Site Feasibility Work. Material Selections. Table 5 New Updates on Earthquake Code 2007. 13 Compliance with the Code What were the problems with public records? During my research, I found no evidence of inspections that has been done. Normally, the countries, who do follow their Earthquake Code, the municipalities are responsible for supervising building construction projects. However in Turkey, this works up side down, this mainly because most of them have inadequate skills and resources to fulfill this responsibility. According to a theory, to having a established building codes and land use regulations, such as in the U. S. A and UK, before the project begins, the architecture, structural engineer and designers must be submit their paper works for the structure that they are going to build and get the approval construction permit. In consequent, most municipal planning offices employ no structural engineers and stamp plans as â€Å"received† without checking the technical considerations of the project. (Gulkan, 2001; Gulkan, 2002) Local governments are permitted to shut down construction sites if these plans do not meet their regulations, but problems are more regularly met with an institutional â€Å"averting of eyes†. (Gulkan, 2002) Furthermore, municipalities are not liable for mistakes in development, and no legal action against officials has ever been taken. Balamir, 2001; Gulkan, 2002). Lack of education on the risks of EQ : The research has shown me some important issue with lack of education on the risks of EQ. Most of Turkish graduates, as soon as they achieved their degree (diploma), have the authority, according to Turkish Law to do any type of projects, and to be any type of project manager on any construction. Aydinoglu (1998) ‘stop my friend, to be a project engineer is not su ch an easy job, you need to be wellversed in earthquake engineering and construction technology, and have your work assessed’. Polat Gulkan (2000) Ankara Technical University/ Turkey spoken the difficulty in terms of the safety afforded the ill coordinated â€Å"expert† at the cost of public safety; â€Å"In Turkey any engineer who holds a current diploma, without regard for the (theoretical) degree of difficulty of the project, can put his/her signature to any project. Expert status in engineering has not been established. This in effect equips engineers and other experts, like [government] officials, with 14 an iron-plated immunity â€Å". (Gulkan, 2001). Experience is one of the important need for earthquake engineering. There are many architects or civil engineers applied to work in Consulting and Inspection Bureau (CCE) . According to The head of the Istanbul CCE, Cemal Gokce, stated ‘But I know that most of these colleagues of mine have never drafted a project in their lives. They should not give permission to these people to open a bureau just because they are politically close to the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (quoted in TDN, 29 October 1999). The political situation and the difficulty of doing business: Until late 2000’s, If you know some one in parliaments, it was really easy to set up a construction company and built. This was due to political power behind the owner or the contractor. Therefore, most of the rules were not applying to them. In august 20th, 1998,the public prosecutor for the Ankara State Security Court launched an investigation in order to find out the allege corruption in state tenders for housing contractors for Marmara EQ. The Minister for Public Works and Housing and his father created a company selling construction equipment and, it was alleged, forced companies submitting construction tenders for the building of permanent housing for earthquake survivors to buy materials from this company. Most of the materials were not even approved by TSE and also recommended by the Earthquake Code. This means, due to political power, people were not able to check whether building is built in earthquake area, either temporary or permanent, as they could not find any plans or permissions. The voice from the professions is united: ‘We knew that this fault runs through this area. There were many past earthquakes in this area with the last one 1999 in Goluck. So this is very obvious. Geologically we know that the area has such a risk, but the outcome shows that the development was totally unplanned’ (Haluk Suguoglu, Director of Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, METU). 15 CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION INTERVIEW Who is Nejat Bayulke : Nejat Bayulke graduated from METU with a Bachelor of Civil Engineering. He has worked at the Earthquake Research Department for the Ministry of Public Works since 1998. He is currently a leading member of the Chamber of Civil Engineers in Turkey. The interview was in Turkish and then translated by myself â€Å"Korkut Mirzai†. Original speech can be found in Appendix. 1) What is your definition of Earthquake Engineering? There were two responses to this question; the first answer given focused around the evaluation of Earthquake Engineering can be defined as branch of engineering dedicated to earthquake hazards. In his opinion earthquake engineering covers and investigates the problems, then brings the best solution for these problems, which are caused by the seismic movements. Second explanation was that earthquake engineering is the preventative measures taking in designing a building to withstand earth tremors and seismic movements. These measures may not prevent building damage but should ensure the integrity of the building remains so that collapse doesn’t occur in the event of such natural disasters. Summary: Even though earthquake engineers are quite needed for construction, in Turkey, this is not really common. Most of the buildings are not seen by these engineers in order to get approve of construction stage. According to updated Earthquake Code 2007, any construction in earthquake zone must have one inspection by an earthquake engineer during the construction phrase. ) Why does a structure collapse? There might be an error in the project, or a flaw in the construction; it might be because of the exterior factors. On the other hand, structures collapse due to horizontal loads and pressures, which weaken their supporting materials. Summary: Major problem with structure in Turkey, especially with reinforced 16 concrete, they are not actually designed for seismic region, when there is a earthquake, bea ms in the building can not carry the horizontal loads, as they become weakened because of the shake. 3) What are the major Project Errors? Mistakes can be made with the load, it might have been calculated less than it should have been, wrong corner cuts and the equipment might be inadequate to support the load, maybe the supporting system is not as it should be or calculation and modeling methods may be insufficient. There might be some consequences of the geometry of the structure but these may be overlooked during calculation. This is a cause of destruction. For example, loads are miscalculated or maybe the possibility of an earthquake is neglected. These are project errors. Some effects are not taken into consideration, such as rotational and shear forces. For instance, a far more important matter: the tension caused by twisting in warm climates. These don’t appear right away but in time these kind of effects lead to certain damages, fractures in the structure. Summary: When I am examined the buildings, I have clearly noticed, most the buildings have the structural design errors. Especially the one designed with Earthquake Code 1975. My understanding from this question is, the major error in the reinforced concrete building is wrong planning and decisions. Such as soft ground floor, where the first floor of the building is way much bigger than ground floor, and structure cant not carry the load during the earthquake. Sadly this decision made by engineers or contractors in order to make more profit. The main problem is ensuring that contractors follow the designs that strengthen buildings and not cut any corners for the sake of extra profit. Regular inspections should be carried out during the construction process by a government controlled body as well as the procurement team. 4) Construction Errors? Here in our country the biggest mistake in construction is the fact that the concrete used in the project does not have enough resistance. This, unfortunately, is a grave problem of our country. It was a bigger problem especially in the days when we didn’t have ready mixed concrete. As far as I know a lot of buildings’ concrete 17 resistance decreases down to 1/3 of the resistance required in that project. The equipment is in adequate, misplaced. These, too, are the reasons of the collapses. 5) Why most of the reinforced buildings are collapsed during the earthquake? Before proceeding to the explanation as well as the analysis of the idea of, reinforced concrete buildings, it seems necessary to first give and describe its main features. To begin with, in Turkey, owing to the poor workmanship in design and application and the low quality of materials, reinforced concrete buildings tend to be affected, damaged by earthquakes. Then, the current strength of the concrete of the complemented structure is estimated at 100 kg/cm2; nevertheless, when earthquakes occur and buildings fall apart, this value can plummet to 60-70 kg/cm2. It is to be reminded that, in theory the design strength of concrete is valued at 160 kg/cm2 (cube strength). From the above, it can be inferred that in Turkey, most buildings do not respect the established earthquake resistant design code. Anchorage lengths, longitudinal bars, close spacing are illustrations of rules rarely considered and applied in today’s construction. Within the context of earthquakes, it is noticeable that, in terms of conceptual design, very few are the buildings provided with an earthquake resistant structural system with a proper frame or a frame-shear wall system. To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, in Turkey, most reinforced concrete buildings are exposed to earthquakes. Summary : My understanding from this question would be nearly most of the reinforced concrete buildings are collapsed during the earthquake. Hence All of the collapsed buildings have slab system of joist beams with hollow lightweight concrete block fillers, which completely different than current requirements of Earthquake Code (Earthquake Code 2007) 6) How can you describe the poor workmanship? In Turkey, most of the construction problems are based on poor workmanship, this mainly due to contractors prefers to either use cheap materials or wrong method of 18 construction. This poor workmanship can be underline in two different ways, one of them is the connections of columns and beams are really weak, as the connection of steel bars did not attach it correctly. An other factor is the granulometry (Definition: Linking to the distribution of grain sizes in sand or rock) of the sand and gravels of concrete were considerably poor. So those big gravels blocked the solid while casting at site where steel connections were thick as it resulted in very poor and weak connections. So such connections creates a heavy damages during earthquake. Summary : My understanding for poor workmanship which leads to defective works has to be rectified by the contractor or engineers, however, in order to do that, the project will require postponement of time, therefore people just ignoring to follow that stage. Sloppy mistakes such as taking incorrect measurements from plans and specifications created the construction mistakes. Furthermore, incorrect units and measures during construction have created a defective work. In consequence, the contractors need to reconstruct those construction mistakes which results in taking additional time to complete the project rather than just ignoring it. 7) What the recommendations, in order to build building, as well as following the earthquake code. Recommendations would be to make buildings EQ resistant. This could be done using the building method of tunnel formation (EQ code 2007). This would be the best proposal to improve the earthquake resistance of housing. Even though, tunnel form systems have been used in Turkey since late 70`s, it did not become a primary choice in the construction until 1999. As a result, tunnel form buildings performed better seismic performance by retarding plastic hinge formations at the most critical locations, such as slab–wall connections and around wall openings than other buildings. During the earthquake, tunnel form buildings do not collect all the power at shear connections, it does divides the energy all over the building, therefore you may feel the intensity more than the buildings, but this a good thing. Another benefit of tunnel form buildings is that they never collapse earthquake resistance 19 successively as seen in a domino effect, they sway instead. Summary: According the recent earthquakes reports, tunnel forms frame buildings have exhibited better performance than the other buildings â€Å"RC†. Since 1999, after the regulations became tighter, the contractors and engineers choice of using the tunnel form has become a primary. 20 CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY BUILDING A The level of damage is less in Sehitler District , most of the buildings are settled towards the side of hills. The soil condition is hard and the building stock is made up of 2-3 storey steel framed structures and 3-4 storey frameless brick and masonry buildings by 49% and, 3-7 storey reinforced concrete framed buildings by 51% (Ergunay Gulkan, 1999). Building A (Picture 1) that I have chosen, it was constructed on the seismic fault line, and also this construction type is addressed by the codes/standards in Turkey under â€Å" 1. Regulations for Buildings to Be Built in Disaster Areas (1998) 2. TS 500: Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures (2000)†. Furthermore, with good feasibility research, building has constructed on a math foundation, so it can transmit the gravity loads to the soil any vibration from the ground. Picture 1 The Case Study, Building B Sehitler Discrit, (H. Sezen2000) 21 This building has a complete load path for seismic movement effects from any parallel direction that transfers inertial forces from the building to foundation. The vertical load bearing parts are well attached to the foundations; therefore concrete columns and walls are getting supportive force from the foundation (Picture 2). Picture 2 The Case Study, Building B Sehitler Discrit , Foundation Level, (H. Sezen2000) The walls are the primarily load carried for the buildings and one of the most effective members against earthquakes. Good planed of wall density helped in reducing the unit shear, and enabled most of the elastic response during the strong earthquake period (Picture 3). Most the materials sed in this structure construction were considered to be well adequate per the requirement from the Turkish National Construction Code and Standards. â€Å" Legislation was enacted in April 2000 to enforce mandatory design checking and construction inspection of all buildings by government-licensed private supervision firms. For new buildings, this supervision aims to ensure compliance with earthquake-resistant design codes and nominal construct ion quality standards’’ (Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education 2003). 22 Picture 3 The Case Study, Building B Sehitler Discrit , Elevation, (H. Sezen2000). BUILDING B Building B (Picture 4) is located in northern side of Golcuk, near by the coast line , this an example building of who followed the Earthquake Code 1974 , but collapsed in 1999 EQ in Marmara. As the building built in around 1975, it was quite old for Turkish building classification. . This building suffered with the little damage as a result of the seismic movement but could not be occupied because it settled due to liquefaction and bearing failure of the supporting soils (Picture 5). Because, where the building has been build is a concrete filled ground ( where it used to be a sea ), after many years, the sea water started to cracking the concrete and allowed liquefaction. Therefore, unlikely of any ground movement, building were ready to collapse or damages. Until late 2000s, liquefaction was not considered by the Earthquake Code (MPWH 1998). To achieve performance 23 partially stabilized the building. 3. 7. 4 Building D 3. 7. 4. 1 Building Description Building D was a six-story moment-frame building located in the center of Adapazari. An elevation of the building is shown in Figure improvementson similarliquefaction would have age in beyond collapse prevention, site 3-59. Based to avoid construction of the same Adapazari, the foundation for Building D was probably a mat or raft with a thickness of approximately been required. 1 m. or soil and foundation behavior in performance-based earthqu ng would have satisfied the performance level of collapse pre 1997] and Vision 2000 [SEAOC 1995]), it would not have s life-safety performance level. To achieve performance beyon Figure 3-59 Elevation of Building D o avoid liquefaction would have been required. Picture 4 The Case Study, Building B North,Golcuk , Elevation, (H. Sezen2000). 3. 7. 4. 2 System Response Building D is an example of poor system performance that was not accompanied by componen damage or failure. This building suffered little damage as a result of the earthquake shaking but could not be occupied because it settled more than 1 m due to liquefaction and bearing failure of the supporting soils (see Figure 3-60). It is likely that this failure of the supporting soils limited the shaking experienced by the building. Services and utilities to the building were destroyed and ingress and egress were most difficult. The poor performance of this building underscores the need to ure 3-60 Settlement of Building D due to liquefaction and soil-bearing Picture 5 The Case Study, Building B North,Golcuk , Settlement of Building B, due to liquefaction, (H. Sezen2000). ary Remarks e of the discussion of selected buildings is to identify issues re ust be addressed in the development of guidelines and tools f ed earthquake engineering. of this writing, building (system) response is often judged on mponent in the building. Clearly, this approach, although con fective. Poor behavior of one or two random components doe avior, although poor behavior of one or two key components m sms for redistribution of gravity loads do not exist in a buildi ns to be learned about the collapse of buildings and the desig n or failure. Research on the following topics is needed to im 24 BUILDING C Many of the citys well-known historical monuments such as Hagia Sophia (Picture 6) may withstand the quake because they were designed by earthquake aware architects and engineers, built soundly of quality materials, and, have already survived from several substantial earthquakes for over thousand years. In many cases, reinforcements have been added when damage from earlier quakes has been repaired. The reason why this building did not collapse, even though they did not even have earthquake code by that time ,the superior part of the structure is not a box, it’s a series of domes. Domes deliver lateral forces very well for three reasons. 1. First, and primary, even earthquake strong enough to get a dome to sway will not produce areas of the structure that have no support against gravity, because the base is much wider than the top. 2. Second, domes distribute forces in all directions naturally, and as a consequence the design is much better at dissipating energy. 3. Third, most of the mass of a dome is low, and this lower center of gravity greatly reduces the chance of collapse. Hagia Sophia started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan who is also considered one of the first earthquake engineers in the world. Picture 6 The Case Study, Building C Istanbul , Elevation Of Hagia Sofia 25 BUILDING D Building D ( Picture 7) is located in Kavakli district near by the city center along the seacoast where most of the reinforced concrete framed buildings are dominant approximately 75% and ground bearing capacity is low poor soil condition, therefore more than 60 % buildings were heavily damaged or moderately damaged (Ergunay Gulkan, 1999). Picture 7 The Case Study, Building D Kavakli Discrit , Back Elevation (H. Sezen2000) Reinforced concrete systems are well known to be the most sensitive systems to earthquake loads, unless if they are built with acceptable Earthquake Code standards, construction techniques and good workmanship. Yet, in this region, most of the above requirements that were not satisfied have become the reasons for high damage on reinforced concrete buildings. The â€Å" cement â€Å" that used on floors, was made of sea sand, therefore it did not actually had a sufficient of cement. However, according to new Earthquake Code 2007 clearly states that concrete quality must be c20 or higher quality, if it based in 26 zone one and two(MPWH 1998). Although, at this building, this level was even lower than c10 level. Using of low quality of cement made building columns weak against earthquakes. The cracks on the columns and beams let it to be broken due to heavy load and seismic vibration (Picture 8). Picture 8 The Case Study, Building D Kavakli Discrit , Column,(H. Sezen2000) At the first floor columns, at the front face of the building Picture 9. Further damaged can be found around the stairwell at the rear of the structure. The staircases in the back of the stairwell were cast integrally with the external columns. Each landing is located just about 1 m below the beam-column connections. As can be seen on the Picture 9, Although Earthquake Code requires strong quality of steel in the stairs , there were no enough amount of steel frame used in the connections. So, this means that staircases resulted in short column construction and led to shear failures at the landings (MPWH 1998). 27 Picture 9 The Case Study, Building D Kavakli Discrit , Stairs Level,(H. Sezen2000) 28 SUMMARY OF CASE STUDY To sum up the case study, I have considered, that most of the residential buildings that collapsed including building A were built to the previous code which was established 1975. D`Ayala (2003) states the earthquakes damage in this disaster have put the duty for the deconstruction on poor standards of construction; †¢ †¢ †¢ Provisions of the code for detailing the reinforcement was not present in practice. Concrete was considerably poor quality contributing to brittle performance. Apartment blocks had infill wall made with light weight of steel frame, that would not be adequate to resist the forces. Earthquake cataclysm is a major problem that Turkish authorities have had to deal with over the years. Even though, Turkish government failed to improve understanding of the earthquake disaster and emergency solutions (Gulkan 2001); †¢ †¢ Lack of properly qualified staff in the council to control the design checks. Lack of beginner producers, who were carrying out the design checks. 29 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS This section provides the guidance for conducting an effective analysis of the compliance to the building code in Turkey and to make recommendation on how to develop an effective and safe built environment. The aim of the research is to identify the problems for implementation of reinforced building behaviours due to Earthquake Code failure in earthquake. The literatures were containing information’s that Turkey has the one of the actively seismic zone, evaluation of the materials, selection of construction methods, lack of education, earthquake code and case study. For that reason, this study went on investigate in depth. Interviews were taken, in order to support the case study with professional references. Case studies showed that there were many insufficient techniques, and these evidence approved that there was a poor understanding about the materials and applying them due to lack poor training and education and not following the legislation â€Å" Earthquake Code†. These researched explained that the systems and techniques did not even fully match with EU regulations. There was no proper seismic requirement in the Turkish Earthquake Codes until after the huge earthquake 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Although, there were many revisions to the code from 1944 to 1975, but they were not quite useful for the significant problems with Turkish construction. Although the 1999 Marmara Earthquake was a important wake-up call, Turkey has large inventories of buildings that are susceptible to severe damage and collapse from strong earthquakes. Thousands of buildings collapsed all over the region. Many buildings were designed to outdated building codes (Code 1975) or none at all. Most of these buildings and much of the construction throughout Turkey consists of no still frame work with unreinforced masonry infill walls. This dissertation widely explained that Turkish Government regulations has failed to reduce the risk of significant harm. Use of thick slabs resulted in strong column and this weak beam could support it. Structural system problems such as soft 30 storey colon in ground floor, and wrong beam connection are important factors. If the updated Earthquake Code is applied, the damag e reasons resulting considerably less. Although, the major problem in Turkey is that the workmanship and materials are of poor quality. In order to achieve a good standard of construction, the proposal would be to use appropriate material and use of tunnel form concrete will reduce the risk of the damage in any future earthquakes (Earthquake Code 2007). Year 2012, it grieves me to say that Turkey hasnt progressed more than an inch since 1999. Van earthquake in 2011 was the best example for this. The precise time and place of an earthquake cannot be predicted, but according to seismologist , they are expecting a big earthquake in Istanbul / Marmara , there still more to develop in Earthquake Code and in construction. REGULATION AND POLITICAL ISSUES: †¢ Administrative failure has identified that Ministry for Public Works and Housing stated the construction check law after publishing that an important aim the damage had occurred was because the local administrations did not performed their inspection duties correctly by that time (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ †¢ Politic issues play a major role in performance of any material in Turkey. The research demoed that Turkish construction system politically driven. RECOMMENDATION: Recommendations are not to be expected that change the condition of housing and construction in Turkey overnight. Improving the construction quality by providing of good mixing and quantity of water, good class sand and aggregates, designed quantity of cement in the mix, appropriate mixing of all the elements with control on water cement sufficient compaction in the position of concrete, proper placement of steel ( Earthquake Code 2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ A void soft storey ground floor (Earthquake Code 2007, MPWH 1998). 31 †¢ Design steel structure must be ductile (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ Updated Earthquake Code must be applying to all constructions (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). The engineer or site manager in charge of the construction must personally be at the site at all time and supervise all the operators in order check the material and test them if it necessary (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ In order to stop building collapsing, this can depends on the government making deeper changes to its governmental system, institutionalising community participation in disaster management, and must give priority to these changes, before it’s too late (Earthquake Code2007, MPWH 1998). †¢ The government should set up a capability committee to assess the materials and projects. This committee should include quality of materials, structure of the building, location of the site and relevant planning policies. LIMITATION OF STUDY †¢ The first limitation I have in writing this dissertation is that I have the word limit of 10,000; this in fact limits overall what I can include in my sources study (literature). Any additional information that proves to be relevant to my study will be included and referenced to my appendix. Due to the nature of the information I was seeking from my sources, government officials were not confident in giving out information that could be seen as reputably detrimental. †¢ Due to my topic mainly based about Turkey and Turkish construction and government regulations, it has been difficult to retrieve information and some paperwork’s, as it was very important for my quality of research and also there were big numbers of articles, j ournals and literatures, it was considerably difficult to summary them and narrow it down. 32 REFERENCES AYDINOGLU, N. (1998), ‘Deprem ulkesi Turkiyenin ilkel inaat duzeni’, Insaat muhendislik haberi ‘396/4. AIJ, (2000). Report on the Damage Investigation of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey: Architecture Insti- tute of Japan, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Anderson, Donald et. al. (2001). â€Å"The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake – Damage to Structures† Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28, 715-737. Akcay, Burcu. (2004). Variation of In-Place Concrete Core Strength in Structures from Istanbul Area: Statistical Analysis of Concrete Core Data Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE. AIJ, (2000). Report on the Damage Investigation of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey: Architecture Insti- tute of Japan, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Alarcon, Dr. John and Franco, Dr. Guillermo. (Aug. 11, 2009). â€Å"Izmit-D? zce Ten † AIRWorldwide rd , (Accesed on 3 December 2011 ). Bibbee, A. , Gonenc, R. , Jacobs, S. , Konvitz, J. , Price, R. , (2000). â€Å"Economic Effects of the 1999 Turkish Earthquakes: An Interim Report (247)†. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 33 BBC News 1994 â€Å" Los Angeles Earthquake† available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/17/newsid ( Accessed 15th March 2012). COBURN, A. W. and SPENCE, R. J. S. (1992), â€Å"Earthquake Prevention†. London: John Wiley and Sons. Don. W Stacks. â€Å"Primer of Public Relations Research Gulferd† press. 2002. Dogangun A. , â€Å"Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingol Earthquake in Turkey† Engineering Structures 26 (2004) 841–856. D’yala (2003) â€Å" Earthquake Disaster and Earthquake Code†. EEFIT (1999), ‘Report on Kocaeli Earthquake of August 1999’, London. EEFIT (2000), ‘Report on Kocaeli Earthquake of August 1999’, London. EERI (1999), ‘The Izmit (Kocaeli) Turkey Earthquake’, available online at: http//:www. eeri. org/earthquakes/Reconn ( Accessed 12th November 2012). EQE (1999), ‘Izmit, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999 (M 7. 4): An EQE Briefing’, available online at: http//www. eqe. com/revamp/izmitrepor (Accessed 12th November 2011). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) (1999): â€Å"The Izmit (Kocaeli) Turkey earthquake†. www. eeri. org/earthquakes/Reconn/Turkey0899 (Accessed 12th November 2011). 34 Dr. S. G. Naoum(2007)’Dissertation Research Writing for Construction’ , Case Study. Derya (2004), ‘Post-earthquake Damage Assessment Using Satellite and Aerial Video Imagery’. GULKAN, P. (2001), ‘An Essay on the Cancellation of Building Inspection Decree with Force of Law 595 and the Subsequent Building Inspection Law 4708’, GULKAN, P. and ERGUNAY, O. (1999), ‘Case Study’ in J. Ingleton (ed. Natural Disaster Management. A Presentation to Commemorate the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) 1990-2000. Leicester: Tudor Rose: 176. Gulkan, P. and A. Yakut. â€Å"Tunnel Form Building†. World Housing Encyclopedia. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Turkey/Re port 101, 2003. Gulkan, Polat (2000). â€Å"Building code enforcement prospects: failure of public policy†. Earthquake Spectra 16 Supp A (December), Chapter 15 of 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake Reconnaissance report. Glazier, Jack D, Powell, Ronald R (Eds), (1992) â€Å"Qualitative researches in information management†, Englewood Co. Libraries Unlimited . Hanifi Binici (2006). â€Å"The earthquakes and the damages caused by the material quality and low workmanship in the recent earthquakes†. PP 233-238. H. Hezen (2000) â€Å" et al. Structural Engineering Reconnaissance of the Kocaeli (Izmit) Turkey Earthquake of August 17 1999† 35 KEYDER, C. , ed. (1999),† Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local. London†: Rowan Littlefield. Kinzer, S. (2001). Crescent and star: Turkey between two worlds†. Farrar, Straus Giroux: New York. Kumer, Ronjit2005, Research Methodology , â€Å"A Step by Step Guide for Beginners† (2. nd ed. ), Singapore. Person Educations. Leedy and Ormrod 2001. Available at http//www. people. uwec. edu (Accessed on 10th November 2011). Ozgen, K. , Torunbalci, N. , (1997). â€Å"Comparing of old (1975) and new (1997) Turkish Earthquake Codes in terms of design rules and fundamentals of reinforced concrete buildings†, YAPI Journal, 192, 127-132 (in Turkish). Ministry for Public Works and Housing in 1997 â€Å"Turkish Standards† (TS) ENV 1998 1. 1-1. 4) Montoya, L. , Masser, I. , (2000). â€Å"GIS in Urban Disaster Management† City Development Strategies(3), 49- 52. Nisee Berkeley (2010), â€Å"Evolution of Seismic Building Design Practice in Turkeyâ€Å" Avaliable at http://nisee. berkeley. edu/turkey/Fturkrch2. pdf ( Accessed on 19th March 2012). PARSONS, T. , SHINJI, T. , STEIN, R. , BARKA, A. and DIETERICH, J. (2000), ‘Heightened Odds of Page 13Large Earthquakes near Istanbul: An Interaction-based Probability Calculation’, Science 288: 661-5.

Why We Dont Complain free essay sample

We don’t complain enough. Is the simply and unique argument that Buckley is presenting in his essay. The purpose of this essay is to convince Americans that it’s time to start complaining. Instead of simply pushing aside the issues that are present to us on a daily bases Buckley wants us to confront them head on and to simply speak up. Instead of dealing with hot trains, an unfocused movie screen and long line that is caused from a supposedly lazy worker, we should speak up because we have the power to change the little problems. Buckley is afraid that if we continue to show apathy towards small problems then we will continue this trend when faced with much larger conflicts that can be found in things such as our government. Buckley’s thesis is that we should speak up when we aren’t satisfied, or don’t agree with something, essentially complain more often, because if we don’t complain it can lead to us entering an apathy coma that will cause the American to blindly accept an issue because we choose not to exert the will power to fix it. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Dont Complain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of his suggestion as to why we don’t complain is include: we assume someone will, we don’t know why its wasn’t done in the first place so we don’t question it, we just don’t want to cause a fuss, we think our opinion doesn’t matter, or we receive peer pressure from others not to complain. To understand Buckley’s essay I used the stasis theory questions to help me identify which one that author is trying to present. The Stasis questions are meant to help the readers determine the question at issue so that you can get to the heart of argument and distinguish major claims from minor elements of support. Buckley’s central question is stated clearly in the title of the essay â€Å"Why Don’t We Complain?† I started to search for the author’s main question by trying to apply all of the six stasis questions and choosing the one that I believe the author is trying to present to the readers. Question five of the stasis question talks about a question of consequence that is caused when the author is asking what will happen if we  do not fix the issues that is being discussed. After Buckley’s presents his central question he goes on to explain that there is a consequence to not complaining. By avoid complaining we will only increase the sense of helplessness that we feel with major problems that exist in our society. This analysis of Buckley’s main question leads the readers to believe that he is questioning will not complain cause society lack of apathy to grow? The is a question of consequence that is outlined in question five the stasis theory question helped me properly identify the authors many purpose of writing this essay. Once I understood what Buckley is trying to get the reader to question I used the questions for critical readings to not only find out his main purpose, but to also analysis his supporting argument. The questions for critical reading are designed to guide the readers question the support that is presented in the text to back up an author’s main claim. The first question for critical reading asks what the author’s main purpose is. Buckley does not give the readers a clear thesis in the introduction. However when reading through the essay I discovered that the author’s implied thesis and purpose it to show the readers that our society needs to start noticing and trying to change the minor issues so that we can feel empowered enough to change the major dilemmas. The second question asks what the reader knows about the author’s beliefs, assumptions and experiences. Throughout the essay the author outlines the different experience that has lead him to believe that Americans are becoming to uncaring of the obstacles that we face on a day to day basis. Hot trains, unfocused movie screens, long lines, and unhelpful stewardess are the experiences that Buckley uses to help show the readers why we are not complaining enough. The third question asks what the author’s qualifications to discuss this topic are. To answer this question I searched the brief bio that is presented in the 50 Essay’s before the beginning of each paper. In doing so I found that this paper was written by an editor of an opinion journal, a host of a political talk show, and a well published author. I feel that because the author has dealt with the opinions of others in his articles and on a personal level experienced the lack of complaining he is qualified enough to discuss this topic. The four question asks what unstated assumptions, underlying values  and commitments does that author seem to hold? Author is assuming that we all have experienced moments were we haven’t stated our opinion because of the reasons that he presents in his supporting arguments. The author’s credentials lead me to believe that he values different opinions, and our right to change the main problems that our society is facing. Question five asks the readers to find the call to action that the author is presenting in his text. The author wants the readers to on a surface level start complaining more. However when analyzing this text with the author is really ask the reader to realize that we need to stop neglecting the issues. By describing the minor problems that we can fix I believe that Buckley is trying to empower the American people to start changing the issues that are also with in our ability to change. His call of action for society is to complain and work through th e obstacles that are preventing our society from growing. In question six they ask what reasons does the author offer in support of his or her ides? When answering this question I skimmed through the text highlighting any reasons that Buckley as to why we choose not to complain. He states that we are scared that our cause is unjust. We can receive peer pressure from others to keep silent. The majority of people believe that their opinion does not matter so there is no need to speak up. Also people tend to avoid complaining because they fear the repercussions that can be caused from stating their opinion. His reasoning continues on to describe the multiple excuses that we use to avoid conflicts and addressing problems. Question seven asks kinds of sources does the author rely on? The author rely his own personal experiences to allow the readers to better relate to his arguments. The objections that question eight deals with are that this essay is out of date with current time because it seems to be a bit irrelevant to the current times. Question nine is asking does the argument include images, graphics, or media. The author does not use any of those graphics in his essay. I am open to listening to other opinion on this issue because I feel that Buckley essay is a bit out of date. I feel that the Buckley’s essay realizes heavily on Aristotle’s appeal of logos. Aristotle’s three appeals include logos: the appeal to reason, pathos: the appeal to emotions, values, and beliefs, and ethos: the appeal to the credibility of the speaker or writer. Buckley uses the logic  throughout his essay by describing how not complaining can lead to harm our way of living. He appeals to reason by listing and outline all the reasons that we don’t complain in hopes that the readers will begin to understand the problem with not complaining. The author appeals to the fact that as American we value our right to freedom of speech, but rarely utilize this right because of Buckley’s supporting arguments. The creditability of the speaker is not used in Buckley’s essay to support his thesis however it does help the readers believe that he is genuine in his findings. Over all I feel that the author is mainly appealing to our reasoning because he uses supporting arguments that are easy to relate to as a reader. I was initially very confused by Toulmin argument because I did not easily understand the wording that Toulmin uses in his system. After discussing the system in class I gathered that the Toulmin system is used to allow the reader to link together the author’s main arguments. The claims that Buckley uses in his essay is that we don’t complain enough in our daily lives and because of this we are going to neglect the major issues. The qualifiers for this argument are that Buckley is strictly addressing the common American people. Throughout his essay he uses word such as we, us, and that suggest to the reader that he is addressing the general American people. The warrants that Buckley uses can be seen in his supporting arguments and thesis. The author does not explicitly state that we all struggle with complaining and that we lack conviction in our ever day lives however it is implied throughout his essay. Reasons are not listed until the end of Buckley essay were he states that because we don’t complain we are allowing major problems to escalate. The train ride, long line, off set movie and so on are the evidence that Buckley presents in his essay to show the read how we often don’t think to complain about what may seem to be minor problems. Toulmin’s framework helps the reader to link arguments and find argument that are unstated by the author. All four of journal activities help me to gain a greater understanding of Buckley’s essay however I felt that The Question for Critical Reading help me to analysis Buckley’s essay further. The stasis questions helped me identify that the author is trying to get the readers to see the consequence  behind not complaining. Once I understood the author’s main question; I then used the questions for critical reading to guide me into my finding of what the author is trying to prove to the readers. The critical reading questions also helped me to discover the difference between Buckley’s examples and supporting evidence. By asking questions such as what reasons does the author give in support of his ideas I was able to separate his examples from the reasoning behind his thesis statement. Aristotle’s three appeals helped me to understand what the overall method of persuasion that Buckley uses and also I began to question the validity of his argument. Toulmins Framework was the hardest to understand because I did not understand what the questions were asking. After discussing it in class and gaining more clarity I feel that Toulmin helped me link the Buckley’s arguments together so that I can find the overall purpose of the text. Out of the four exercises, the critical reading questions was the best analytical tool to use because the question were very easy to understand and it shows the reader what to look for when analyzing the text.

The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Essays

The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Essays The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Paper The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Paper Like actual dashboards found on automobiles and other transport machines, dashboards for hospital systems are actually designed to measure the performance of employees through noting the procedures that they use to complete certain tasks. It is through this certain system that the application of professional ethics as well as professional performance based from the actions of the employees during certain specific situations. (Pugh, 2005, 11) A hospital dashboard measurement is characterized by its measurement of performance based on seniority leadership that the employees show at work as well as the ability of certain employees to align effort among others and thus increase achievement levels on the part of the entire staff of the healthcare institution that they are working at. The said dashboard for performance management is subdivided into three dimensions which include (A) Organizational performance measure; (B) Strategic measures; and (C) Process and Operating Measures. (Pugh, 2005, 12) These dimensions are positively applied in the operational systems of the healthcare institution so as to imply progress and improvement on the part of the task divisions given to the staff members of the hospital. Through these dimensions, the activities and the performance level of the employees become much aligned as the members of the team become aware of the roles that they play during certain situations of dealing with their patients. (Institute of Medicine, 2001, 3) With the case of St. Joseph Hospital, it could be noted that they used seniority of performance as measure of their employees’ capability of being involved in certain emergency situations. This process has actually helped the administration in the said hospital to handle the need for training new staffs as well as increase competency of the entire hospital in handling the medical needs of their patients since the seniors are the ones leading hospital operations. Obviously, this process had been considered truthfully successful for the said health institution. (Pugh, 2005, 13) Reference: Michael D. Pugh. Dashboards and Scorecards: Tools for Creating Alignment. The Healthcare Quality Book (Ransom, Joshi, Nash, 2005). Institute of Medicine. 2001. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Kaplan, R.S. and D.P. Norton. 1992. The Balanced Scorecard-Measures that Drive Performance. Harvard business Review. (1996). Boston: HBS Press.

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Fair trade provides no significant benefits. To what extent do you Essay - 1

Fair trade provides no significant benefits. To what extent do you agree - Essay Example Fair trade is a social movement that aims at helping developing countries to achieve better conditions when trading with others, as well as achieve those goals that promote sustainability within their borders. In this movement, the main aim is to create an advocacy movement that seeks to impose higher prices amongst exporters, as well as ensure that the social and environmental standards are satisfied (Kadey 2005: 1). Dragusanu, Giovannucci and Nunn (2014a: 6-7) note that the settings of the fair trade commissions in the past aimed at dealing with five main attributes that would promote fair trade. The first one is pricing which aim at guarantee a minimum price for all goods in addition to a fair trade premium on all products sold. The prices and the premiums will be set separately, but with the producer in mind. The second is the aspect of the workers who must be free to associate with others, have safe working conditions, and wages that befit their legal minimum stated in the policies present. Regional balances will be drawn to ensure uniformity across a particular region. The third is the institutional structure where farmers need to create cooperatives that will make decisions democratically and transparently to effectively export products and administer premium aid. The premiums paid to the cooperatives will be accounted for by the administrators. The fourth attribute deals with the environm ent where harmful chemicals to the environment will be prohibited. This is to safeguard the environment and ensure good environmental practices remain etched into the farming management practices always. The last attribute deals with stability and access to credit where buyers may agree on long-term contracts and provide financial aid to promote producers when requested. In most cases, the people are aware of the impact that better trading options have on

The day that changed my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The day that changed my life - Essay Example After finishing my classes, I intended to go and play with my friends as usual. However, my mother stopped me and said: â€Å"Son, you have to finish your homework first. If not, I will not let you go out and play with your friends!† After I heard my mom saying that to me, I gave up arguing with her. I walked to my room very slowly because I did not want to do the homework. I was angry and sad. I used my tears as a â€Å"weapon† against my mother. However, my mother was angry too so any â€Å"weapon† was useless. Because of my strong emotions, my mother locked me in my study room and took all toys and games away from me. Finally, I made a compromise with my parents. I started to do my homework. However, it was not easy to calm down when I just started doing my homework. I shouted, tore paper from the notebook and threw it everywhere to show my dissatisfaction. After these crazy actions, I was pacified. I went to the window and looked outside. I saw that many children were playing games; they were jumping, and running and laughing. When I heard them were laughing, I thought they were laughing at me. Suddenly, I said to myself, â€Å"why should I play with my friends before doing my homework first?† I spent a few minutes thinking about these questions, but I could not find the answers. I sat down and did my homework. I did not finish until it was dark outside. When I finished, my father came into my room and talked to me. He said, â€Å"if you want to have more time to play in the future, you have to finish your homework first. If you want to be a good student, and son, spend more time studying instead of playing.†Eventually, I found the answers I needed from my father’s conversation. The answer was that I wanted to be a good student and a good son. I realised that studying can make my parents happy and make them relax from their hard work. Since the day my father talked to me, I significantly changed my behaviour. I became a good student who likes to study.

The Grapes of Wrath and California History Essay Example for Free

The Grapes of Wrath and California History Essay I. The Joad Family is the main character in the novel of John Steinbeck entitled The Grapes of Wrath. The said novel was published in the spring of 1939 during the Great Depression. The Joads in the novel portrayed the migrants of California. From Collins and Steinbeck point of view, the migrants of California can be compared to â€Å"Jeffersonian yeomen† who aspire to gain their respective small farms. Jeffersonian Yeomen, historically, however, did not succeed in their goal. It was the farms owned and mange by the businessmen of San Francisco that ruled the rural economy of the state. Its big agricultural output was favored by the â€Å"goldrush† which permitted the growing of â€Å"cash crops† in the urban markets and the mining camps of San Francisco (David Igler Davis, 2002). It was in 1935 and 1939 when the great depression happened in California. The migrants came from Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Oklahoma; the lower Plain states of the southwest. The number of migrants by that time was about 300,000. They were caked â€Å"Okies†. In the Grapes of Wrath, it was the Joads who migrated to California. The thirteen members of the family rode in one vehicle which includes even the grandparents and their grandchildren. Along the way the grandparents as well as the in-laws and uncles died. It was the fifty-year old Ma Joad who was left to lead the group in their journey. Tom Joad, son of Ma Joad and an ex-convict also played a significant role in the story. They join the thousands other migrants in their quest for better opportunities in California. II. In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads migrated to California to seek for employment. They left the almost â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"peaceful† Weedpatch Camp because of the misfortunes that happened in their homeland. Dust storms occurred in Oklahoma and they had suffered financial crisis. Based on California history, the migration can be explained by several factors. The farms in Oklahoma and other states affected by the depression became unprofitable due to drought that happened in their land. There was low economic activity and widespread unemployment by that time. Tenant farmers were evicted by the landowners as a consequence of the New Deal Agricultural Adjustment (AAA). These programs had forbidden farmers to plant grain or cotton in exchange of cash. New Deal Programs inevitably had effects that went beyond the farm economy, through the recovery of the agricultural sector was the administration’s primary aim. Some agencies attempted to reorient the rural social structure, making it possible for laborers and tenants to live with dignity and even become landowners. Relief agencies operating in rural America improved public buildings and transportation facilities, hired unemployed people, maintained institutions, and enriched lives. And the New Deal undertook a revolutionary-and successful- effort to electrify the countryside. More federal activities were undertaken in response to the Dust Bowl, an ecological crisis that beset the Great Plains with especial severity. Government agencies promoted conservation, retired highly erodible acres from farming, resettled some victims on more viable lands, and provided sustenance for others (Danbom, 2006). The use of machinery which produces greater efficiency also contributed to the said eviction. Moreover, a big percentage of farmlands was destroyed by the great dust storms that occurred in the mid-1930s. Since then, poverty stroked Oklahoma. The Okies decided to move to California to be able to survive. They were encouraged by the â€Å"word-of-mouth campaign† by their friends and relatives. They were inspired by the information from other people that they could earn high salary in California by simply picking cotton and fruits. Moreover, transportation from Oklahoma to California was not a problem by that time (Orsi, 2001). III. The migrants moved to California because they believe that they will be able to find a brighter future there. Aside from the effect of the Great Depression in the life of the Okies, the mass migration was also brought by false advertising. In October 1929, the stock market of the United States fell and California was affected. This incident had caused California to suffer acutely because California oil shares which are the most active sectors in the 1920s had collapsed and many investors suffered. The depression also hit California but the economy recovered in the year 1934 and 1937 (Eymann 2004). It was then when California needed many laborers in the cotton fields. Indeed California offered high salary during those times when the number of cotton plantation in California was multiplied. A need for thousands of harvesters of crops had commenced especially in San Joaquin Valley. They had a problem of labor shortage not unemployment that is why high salary was offered to those Okies who were employed to pack meat, cement clay, railroad and even ice manufacturers. The salary that California offered was twenty to fifty percent higher than the salary of Okies in their homeland. Due to the nature of their work, the migrants had chosen to settle in one place with their children. IV. In the novel and in historical reality the migrants are hoping to find a better life in the fertile fields of California. They are expecting that when they reached â€Å"the promised land† they will be employed and earn high wages. They had believed that when they reach their destination, life will become easier. They will â€Å"simply† work in the cotton fields and harvest fruits and earn a big amount of money. They will raise their children there and all of them will not starve and will be able to gain bright future in California. They hoped to revitalize their wealth and recover their source of revenue on the land V. When they had reached their destination, they found themselves as victims there. Work was inadequate, salaries were small, and they were disliked, refuse to be accepted and suppressed by the residents. Their endeavors to upgrade their lives were branded as Communism, a system much disliked and feared by many Americans of the time. (John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath By Lee Cusick) Agricultural workers were not covered by Social Security, unemployment insurance, the minimum wage and the National Labor Relations Act. The New Deal was primarily a political response to the Depression, and unlike farm owners, the migrants had little political influence. While California Growers obtained federal price supports for some products, legally enforced marketing orders for others, and massive government expenditures for irrigation projects, migrant laborers received a small, poorly funded camp program that never got beyond the â€Å"demonstration† stage (Harvest of Gypsies). Grower satisfaction with the Okies was short-lived. The flood of migrants in 1937 had created an embarrassing oversupply of labor, and the squalor of their camps refelected on the industry. In 1938 it became apparent that the Okies were politically embarrassing as well. They were democrats, supported Culbert Olson, and displayed firm loyalty to the New Deal. They also disrupted the strong Republican hold on rural communities, a fact that led to the formation of the California Citizen’s association (CCA), which, like the Associated Farmers, fronted for banking, oil, railroad, real estate, and insurance interess allied with the agribusiness community. The CCA, detrmined to attack the New Deal and Olson through the migrants, launched a publicity campaign that, as Walter Stein has pointed out, went a long way toward creating a popular view of the Okie in California as â€Å"degenerate, degraded loser in the American struggle for survival. † Like migrants of the 1920s, nearly half settled in metropolitan areas, primarily Los Angeles, the Okies were quickly absorbed. The rest, however, turned north to the San Joaquin Valley where they sought work in the complex, industrialized agricultural system. Ineligible for relief for a year because they were new to the state, they accepted the low wages that the Mexican work force would not, and in a short time almost completely displaced the Mexicans as California’s harvest laborers. When the Okies became eligible for unemployment relief, the state relief administration under Gov. Meriam cut off relief payments if work was available in an agricultural harvest, forcing them into the old relief, harvest labor, relief cycle that essentially subsidized low farm wages. Important distinctions between the Okies and traditional harvest labor were not only that the migrants were white Anglo-Saxon Protestants but also that they sought permanence. They settled in Central Valley towns, sent their children to the local schools, and registered to vote. Their poverty could not be ignored. Living in shocking conditions in tent camps along irrigation ditches, they exposed the exploitation of farm labor in California’s peculiar agricultural system and became a highly visible burden in local communities, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley (The Great depression Chapter 21). A year later, the labor surplus of the Depression had been transformed into an extraordinary wartime shortage of workers. Migrants who were not subject to military service found well-paying jobs in California’s booming shipyards, aircraft factories and other defense plants. The Joads and their fellow Okies ultimately found economic salvation, not on the small farms they dreamed of owning, but in urban industry fueled by billion of federal defense dollars (Steinbeck, 1988). VI. The story of the migrants fit California History due to the efforts of Steinbeck and Collins who â€Å"actually lived† at California gathering information to capture â€Å"true scenarios† in California. Steinbeck stayed at Weedpatch Camp for several days, talking to residents, attending camp committee meetings and dances, and watching Collins tactfully promote his concept of limited and guided elf-government. Steinbeck and Collins travelled in the old bakery truck to nearby farms and ditch-side migrant settlements, and the author read the manager’s regular reports to the Resettlement Administration’s regional office in San Francisco. The reports, which included social and cultural observations on migrant life and individual anecdotes sometimes told in Okie dialect, were extraordinary documents. The News had already published excerpts from them, and Steinbeck eventually mined them for the material for The Grapes of Wrath. In 1936 he used them to get beneath the surface of migrant life, to understand the deep despair and hopelessness that poverty and homelessness had created (David Igler Davis, 2002). References: Danbom, D. B. (2006). Born in the Country: A History of Rural America Johns Hopkins University Press. David Igler, C. , Davis. (2002). The Human Tradition in California: Rowman Littlefield. Eymann, M. , , C. W. (2004). Whats Going On? : California and the Vietnam Era: University of California Press. Orsi, R. R. W. B. a. R. (2001). The Elusive Eden McGraw-Hill. Steinbeck, J. (1988). The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath Heyday Books.